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    Fetal Conditions

    Fetal Anaemia & Hydrops Fetalis

    Rare but serious conditions where the baby develops anaemia or fluid accumulation, requiring specialist management.

    What is Fetal Anaemia & Hydrops Fetalis?

    Fetal anaemia is a condition where the unborn baby has a reduced number of red blood cells. It can be caused by blood group incompatibility (such as Rhesus disease), infections (such as parvovirus B19), genetic conditions (such as thalassaemia), or fetal-maternal haemorrhage. Hydrops fetalis is the severe end of the spectrum, where fluid accumulates in the baby's body compartments — a sign of significant fetal compromise.

    Why is it a Concern?

    Severe fetal anaemia can lead to heart failure, hydrops fetalis, and stillbirth if not detected and treated. However, with specialist monitoring, fetal anaemia can be detected early using non-invasive Doppler assessment and treated with intrauterine blood transfusion — one of the most dramatic life-saving fetal interventions available.

    Signs & Symptoms

    • Abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler readings on ultrasound
    • Increased fetal heart size
    • Fluid accumulation around the baby (ascites, pleural effusion, skin oedema)
    • Maternal blood group antibodies detected on routine screening
    • Known maternal exposure to parvovirus

    How It is Monitored

    Non-invasive monitoring of fetal anaemia uses MCA Doppler ultrasound, which measures blood flow velocity as an indirect indicator of anaemia. If anaemia is confirmed, cordocentesis (fetal blood sampling) and intrauterine transfusion may be performed. Monitoring frequency is intensive — often weekly or biweekly.

    Why See an MFM Specialist?

    Managing fetal anaemia and hydrops requires advanced ultrasound skills, the ability to perform invasive fetal procedures, and experience in making critical decisions about fetal therapy. These are among the most complex cases in MFM practice.

    Dr. Kartik Balaraman Manages This Condition

    Dr. Kartik has expertise in non-invasive fetal anaemia surveillance and manages these complex cases with a coordinated team approach. If fetal anaemia or hydrops has been suspected, consult Dr. Kartik urgently.

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    Frequently Asked Questions

    What causes fetal anaemia?

    The most common causes are Rhesus blood group incompatibility, parvovirus B19 infection, inherited blood disorders (such as thalassaemia), and occasionally fetal-maternal haemorrhage.

    Can fetal anaemia be treated?

    Yes. Intrauterine blood transfusion is a well-established procedure that can correct fetal anaemia. It involves transfusing compatible blood directly into the baby's circulation through the umbilical cord, guided by ultrasound.

    What is hydrops fetalis?

    Hydrops fetalis is the accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body compartments (such as around the lungs, heart, or under the skin). It indicates severe fetal compromise and requires urgent specialist assessment.

    How is fetal anaemia detected?

    It's identified by Doppler ultrasound measuring blood flow through the middle cerebral artery. Elevated flow velocity suggests anaemia and prompts further assessment.

    Is intrauterine transfusion risky?

    It's a specialised procedure with real risks, but it's also a highly effective life-saving treatment when severe fetal anaemia is confirmed. Dr. Kartik will explain the specific risks and expected outcomes in detail.

    Related Conditions

    Fetal Structural Anomalies

    When a detailed scan identifies a structural difference in the baby's development.

    Chromosomal & Genetic Screening

    Screening and diagnostic tests to assess the risk of chromosomal conditions such as Down syndrome.

    Twin & Multiple Pregnancies

    Pregnancies with two or more babies require specialist monitoring due to increased complexity.

    Reviewed by Dr. Kartik Balaraman, Consultant OBGYN & Maternal Fetal Medicine Sub-Specialist ·

    This page is for general education and does not replace personalised medical advice. If you have concerns about your pregnancy or health, consult a qualified specialist directly.